One of the most commonly used string operations is concatenation. String concatenation is just a fancy programming word for joining strings together by appending one string to the end of another string.

In this tutorial, we will explain how to concatenate strings in Bash.

Concatenating Strings

The simplest way to concatenate two or more string variables is to write them one after another:

VAR1="Hello,"
VAR2=" World"
VAR3="$VAR1$VAR2"
echo "$VAR3"

The last line will echo the concatenated string:

Hello, World

You can also concatenate one or more variable with literal strings:

VAR1="Hello, "
VAR2="${VAR1}World"
echo "$VAR2"

Hello, World

In the example above variable VAR1 is enclosed in curly braces to protect the variable name from surrounding characters. When the variable is followed by another valid variable-name character you must enclose it in curly braces ${VAR1}.

To avoid any word splitting or globbing issues you should always try to use double quotes around the variable name. If you want to suppress variable interpolation and special treatment of the backslash character instead of double use single quotes.

Bash does not segregate variables by “type”, variables are treated as integer or string depending on contexts. You can also concatenate variables that contain only digits.

VAR1="Hello, "
VAR2=2
VAR3=" Worlds"
VAR4="$VAR1$VAR2$VAR3"
echo "$VAR4"

Hello, 2 Worlds

Concatenating Strings with the = Operator

Another way of concatenating strings in bash is by appending variables or literal strings to a variable using the = operator:

VAR1="Hello, "
VAR1 =" World"
echo "$VAR1"

Hello, World

The following example is using the = operator to concatenate strings in bash for loop:

languages.sh

VAR=""
for ELEMENT in 'Hydrogen' 'Helium' 'Lithium' 'Beryllium'; do
  VAR ="${ELEMENT} "
done

echo "$VAR"

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium

Conclusion

Concatenating string variables is one of the most fundamental operations in Bash scripting. After reading this tutorial, you should have a good understanding of how to concatenate strings in Bash. You can also check our guide about comparing strings.

If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to leave a comment.

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